Surveying Glossary — Letter I
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ICP is an algorithm that automatically registers and aligns three-dimensional point clouds by iteratively finding the closest point pairs between datasets to minimize spatial differences.
A computational algorithm that automatically aligns two three-dimensional point clouds by iteratively minimizing the distance between corresponding points.
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is an open, neutral data format standard for sharing building information models across multiple disciplines including surveying, architecture, engineering, and construction.
Image overlap is the percentage of common ground area visible in two consecutive photographs or images used in photogrammetry and aerial surveying.
Instrument calibration is the systematic process of comparing and adjusting surveying equipment measurements against known standards to ensure accuracy and reliability in field operations.
A protective container specifically designed to transport, store, and safeguard surveying instruments during field operations and between job sites.
The process of determining the correct integer number of wavelengths in GNSS carrier phase measurements to achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy.
A surveying method that determines the position of a point by measuring angles from two or more known reference stations to establish precise horizontal or vertical location.
A mathematical technique in GNSS surveying that eliminates ionospheric delays by combining dual-frequency signals to improve positioning accuracy.
The propagation delay of electromagnetic signals passing through the ionosphere, caused by free electrons that reduce signal velocity below the speed of light.
ISO 17123 is an international standard that establishes testing procedures and accuracy requirements for surveying instruments to ensure consistent measurement performance and data quality across projects.